Sub-millimetre light detection and ranging using perovskites

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology is an active remote-sensing system used in autonomous vehicles, machine vision augmented reality. Improvements the speed signal-to-noise ratio of photodetectors are needed to meet these demanding applications. Silicon electronics have been principal option for LiDAR range 850–950 nm. However, its indirect bandgap leads a low absorption coefficient near-infrared region, as well consequent trade-off between efficiency. Here we report solution-processed lead–tin binary perovskite that external quantum efficiency 85% at 850 nm, dark current below 10–8 A cm–2 response time faster than 100 ps. The devices fabricated using self-limiting self-reduced tin precursors enable crystallization desired stoichiometry prevent formation interfacial defects with hole transport layer. approach removes oxygen from solution, converts Sn4+ Sn2+ through comproportionation, leaves neither metallic nor SnOx residues. To illustrate potential LiDAR, show they can resolve sub-millimetre distances typical 50 µm standard deviation. Solution-processed ps be light applications, resolving